Analysis Of Britannia Industries Limited Marketing Essay

Analysis Of Britannia Industries Limited Marketing EssayAn Analysis On The External Factors Affecting The Company And The routine And moance Of StakeholdersBritannia Industries Limited (BIL), formerly k flatn as Britannia, was established in the year 1892. Britannias business was flourishing. In 1910, Britannia mechanized its operations, and in 1921, it became the first connection tocopherol of the Suez Canal to use gas ovens. In 1979 it was renamed to Britannia Industries Limited, with an Indian sh arholding of more than 60%. After few years, in 1997, Britannia made its debut in the dairy products market. Britannia is non only k outrightn for the quality of its products but also for the innovative approach towards them and the marketing. In 2002, Britannias New channel Division formed a joint estimate with Fonterra, the worlds second largest Dairy Company, and Britannia New Zealand provenders Pvt. Ltd. was born. Britannia was rated One amongst the Top 200 Small Companies in the World (200 Companies for 2002 (2002) Forbes.com) and was awarded The Economic Times as The Second Most Indias sure Brands (Dettol is nearly trusted taint (2002) The Times of India). Britannias market is not only limited to India but also extends to few countries in Middle East, Seychelles, Singapore, Ghana and USA. Today, the company is operations extend from manufacturing bakery products like biscuits and breads to the production of dairy products like cheese and butter.Aim of the ReportTo analyse the macro and micro outside milieu with the athletic supporter of tools like PESTEL and Porters Five Forces respectively.To business office of stakeholders and the immensity of stakeholders in influencing the strategies with reference to Corporate Social Responsibilities.Macro External environment AnalysisMacro outside(a) environment here includes the factors such(prenominal) as issues related to politics, economical reforms and achievements, social behaviour, technologica l enhancements and inventions, environmental changes and environmental concerns and legislation and legislative changes. All these factors bear a signifi digestt cause on any industry and business. A business has take into consideration all such effects and then formulate its strategies and policies to be given along with them and prosper.PESTEL summary tool helps in determining the effect of all such factors on an industry and businesses. With the help of PESTEL analysis we bequeath be seeing the affects of such factors on Indian Bakery and Dairy Industry.PESTEL analysis is a technique for identifying and listing the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors in the general environment most relevant to an organisation. (Boddy, D (2005). Management An Intoduction. 3rd ed. UK Pearson Education. 88.)Type of FactorsEffecting FactorsPoliticalEconomicalSocialTechnologicalEnvironmentalExemption on Customs on cabbage Raw stuff and nonsense Importshor tfall of MilkNeed for Healthy Eating HabitsCloning of Livestock reposition in the Climatic ConditionsVAT on BiscuitsRise in Sugar Production and Duty Free Sugar ImportsProblems with Cloned LivestockNew Age publicityRemoval of Import Duty on Dairy ProductsglobalizationIncentives to Build Cold Storage FacilitiesRequirement for LogisticsPoliticalExemption on Customs Duty on Sugar Raw Material ImportDue to the shortage in the production of profits the deadline for the exemption on customs duty on raw kail imports has been extended by the governing to April 1, 2011 (Dey, A Jha, Dilip K (2010) Duty-free sugar imports extended till April 2011, Business Standard). Since sugar is a major commentary in the bakery, the price of sugar highly influences the price of infixs of the bakery industry. Exemption on customs duty will help in purchasing sugar at lower cost, which in turn will control the cost of production.VAT on BiscuitsThe VAT of 12.5% on Biscuits, being the only processed food item to attract such high VAT rates, will affect the pricing of the product (Bhushan, R (2009) Biscuit prices to rise by 10%, The Economic Times). Price of the biscuits might essential to be increased due to the high VAT rates which whitethorn result in switch of brands due to the highly competitive market.Removal of Import Duty on Dairy ProductsThe whole-sale price based inflation indicates that the milk prices have moved up by 14.73% over the defy year. Worried nigh the rising prices government announced the removal of duty on Skimmed Milk Powder (SMP) and other dairy products (Govt removes import duty on dairy products (2010), Business Standard). The imports at cheaper rate would help in reduce the cost factor for dairy products.Incentives to Build Cold Storage FacilitiesWastage of food items due to overleap of cold storage facilities lead to a spillage of Rs. 500 billion e rattling year. The government announces schemes and incentives to attract investments in cold storage wargonhousing (Union calculate 2010 Cold-storage incentives to attract fresh funds (2010), The Economic Times). Increase in the number of cold storage facilities would help in preserving products better and reduce the wastage cost.EconomicalShortage of MilkEven though the milk production has risen by 4.6% compound annual average growth rate, it still cannot match up with the change magnitude want. The demand for milk has been growing at a faster rate than the growth rate of milk production resulting in the shortage of milk try (Milk output would stagnate (2010) The Economic Times). India cannot meet its expected demand if the demand and preparation rise at the same rate. For the same the reason, the milk prices are on a constant rise. Price of milk increased by 12.6% to 13.6% (Goyal, K (2010) Indias Food-Price Inflation Holds Near 11-Year High- Business Week). This can cause an increase in the input cost for the dairy products and which in turn can lead to hike in price or low er profit margins. If the company increases the price of its products, it may affect the sales as it might lose on consumers.Rise in Sugar Production and Duty Free Sugar ImportsThe total sugar production in the first six months ending September 2010 is expected to be 22% more than the output in the unchanged phase last season, the total production expected is at 16.7 million (Press Trust India (PTI) (2010) Sugar output rises 22% in first half of 2009-10, Business Standard). Due to the shortage in the production of sugar the deadline for the exemption on customs duty on raw sugar imports has been extended by the government to April 1, 2011 (Dey, A Jha, Dilip K (2010) Duty-free sugar imports extended till April 2011, Business Standard). The increase in sugar production and the duty exemption on raw sugar can help in purchasing sugar at lower prices and this in turn can help in producing goods at lower prices.GlobalizationGlobalization a universal phenomenon is affecting each and ever y industry. The world is coming closer, the communication gap is closing and the businesses are going global. This can serve as an opportunity to expand the business to a global level but on the other hand there is a nemesis of peeled freshers from internationalist market.Requirements for LogisticsLogistics in India suffer due to the poor infrastructure and other limitations. There is a high demand for sophisticated third party logistics so the internal logistics service providers are trying to remedy their service. International participation is also expected in the logistics industry (Pandey, S Basu, A (2010) Logistics cos ramp up supply chain to meet rising demand, The Economic Times). Sophiscticated logistics system will help in proper supply chain management and on metre delivery of goods, which help in maintaining the shelf life of goods on meeting the demand on time.SocialNeed for Healthy Eating HabitsStudies say that Indians are more prone to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), which is the major independent risk factor causing Cardiovascular diseases, due to the smaller calibred arteries found in Indians (Isalkar, U (2009) Indians more prone to heart disease, The Times of India). This suggests that Indians should move towards more healthy food and diet. This could be a new area to explore for Britannia with its new health associated products like Nuti-Choice biscuits and Actimind flavoured milk.Problems with Cloned LivestockCloned animals are supposed to be suffering from large-offspring syndrome. The mother cows face a problem in giving alliance to the cloned animals as they are larger than normal. Also these cloned animals suffer from health issues (Gogoi, P (2007) The case against cloning, BusinessWeek). It is morally wrong to clone animals as they cause problems to the mother during the comport and moreover the cloned livestock suffer from health issues which might make unsafe to consume the produce from them.TechnologicalCloning of Livestock India, a late entrant in cloning research, is now moving with a great pace in cloning technology. Hand guided cloning technique, a technique very different from the conservative cloning practice has been a successful venture (Mahalakshmi, BV Chowdhary, S (2009) Cloning Glory, The Financial Express).New Age PackagingThe new package systems help in protecting food from micro-organisms by creating shelter layer. It uses new technologies like oxygen scavenging function, atmosphere control, biodegrability etc. and is low cost (Han, J Packaging Innovations, Bakers Journal). The packaging technology helps in preserving food for longer by protecting them from micro-organisms with the help of new technologies, thus resulting in longer shelf life of the food. The wages of low cost packing and longer shelf life could be very beneficial for the company in increasing its profit margin.EnvironmentalChange in the Climatic ConditionsClimate plays an important role in the floriculture process. T he change in the rainfall pattern has been a matter of concern now in India. The agriculture sector in areas which are monsoon dependent suffered badly due to the change in the rainfall pattern. The sector suffered a capacious dismission in terms of total output (Bhosale, J (2009) Farmers worried over climate disturbances, The Economic Times). The loss in crop will affect the input supply and this might delay or cause problems in the production. So the industry might not be able to meet the demands resulting in the loss of customers.LegalRaising the Norms for the Probiotic FoodThere is a need for setting the standards for probiotic food. Clinical tests should be conducted on the probiotic foods before they could reach the market for sale. The Indian Council of checkup and Research has submitted the proposal for the same to the government (Das, S (2009) Probiotic food likely to come under clinical trial ambit, The Financial Express).Strict norms will help in raising the quality st andards but on the other hand the cost and time of production might subsequently increase.Micro External Environment AnalysisFactors that influence the micro external environment are Competitor Rivalry, Threat of New Entrants, Threat of Substitutes, Buyers Power and Suppliers Power. These factors play a vital role in determining the current situation of the business and to plan strategies accordingly.With the help Porters Five Forces we will be analysing these factors and their immediate effect on the company.Five forces analysis is a technique for identifying and listing those aspects of the five forces most relevant to the profitability of an organisation at that time. (Boddy, D (2005). Management An Intoduction. 3rd ed. UK Pearson Education. 83.)Competitor RivalryBIL has a market share of 38% and has been growing at 27%, compared to the industry growth rate of 20% (Saxena, R (2007) Battle-scarred Britannia on expansion spree, Business Standard) and has many competitors based on t he nature of product.Parle and ITC (Sunfeast) pose a great competition to BIL (Biscuit Industry India (2010), Market Research India). BIL earning major of its income from the biscuits (Britannia one-year Report 2007-08 (2008)), and Parle and ITC are the other major players in biscuit market.BIL is also into the production of dairy products, where the two major players in market are Amul and Nestle. Amul is the leader in the dairy industry.There is also a high level of competition from the unorganised baking sector.Overall rivalry is high.Threat of New EntrantsThe entry on a small scurf dairy industry and in the unorganised baking sector is easy.But on the other hand to enter the large scale dairy industry and organised baking sector a huge amount of investment is required in terms acquiring assets and to establish supply and distribution chains.Government regulations pertaining to food norms and others may also seem to be unattractive.Looking at the latest trends, the bakery indus try is expected to earn huge revenues which might attract new entrants (Vijay, N (2008) Indian Bakery sector foresees high growth and increasing interest in product offering, FnBNews.com).So the threat of new entrants is moderate.Threat of SubstitutesSavoury snacks, crisps, cereals, fruits and other fast food can be substituted for biscuits.Dairy products are dubious to be replacing with other products as they key ingredients of majority of peoples diet.So the threat is a very moderate threat of substitutes.Buyers PowerThe buyers of these products could be a retailer or the consumer.Both the dairy and bakery industry are price sensitive, so a little increase in price might lead the consumer to shift other brand or product.So the buyers power is calculated to be very strong.Suppliers PowerThe major supplies for a bakery industry include wheat, sugar and other agriculture products. And the major supplies for dairy products are milk.Its difficult to bargain with the suppliers of the ab ove mentioned inputs as the price of these inputs is majorly influenced by the production of these inputs. The prices tend to be high as the demand for these products is rising at much faster rate than supply.The secondary supplies include the packaging material.The secondary supplies can be easily substituted with the low-cost ones to save on cost.Overall the suppliers power is assessed to be moderate.Conclusion of Five Forces AnalysisThere is an existence of major players in the market with a moderate level of threat of new entrants and substitutes.The suppliers power is moderate but the buyers power is measured to be strong.So the rivalry is suggested to be high.Stakeholders and Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR)Freedman (1984) defines a stakeholder as any individual or group who can affect, or is affected by, the achievement of the organisations objectives. Further in addition to that, Clarkson (1995), stated that the government and the other communities that effect the wor king of the business and the market also form as a part of stakeholders. Stakeholders, except the employees, have a high power over the strategical change ideas (Hayes, J (2007). The Theory and Practice of Change Management. 2nd ed. UK Palgrave Macmillan. 153).Internal StakeholdersThe internal stakeholders are the ones associated with the company internally. For BIL its internal stakeholders would beThe ShareholdersThe Board of Directors, andThe EmployeesCurrently, nearly 51% of shares are held by Corporate Bodies and the rest 49% is held by the public (Statement showing shareholding pattern (2009), Britannia Industries Limited). The board consists of 11 members (Company Overview, Britannia Industries Limited) and employees nearly 2000 people (Britannia Industries Ltd. Overview, MarketLine).External StakeholdersThe external stakeholders are the ones who are not immediately associated with company but influence the decision making of the company. To BIL the external stakeholders are as followsCustomersSuppliersContractorsGovernmentRegulatory Agenices (like Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, etc.), andSocietyBritannia being the leader in the baker industry of India has a huge amount of customers to cater. Britannia has to keep up the tastes and quality preferences of its customers. The government plays an important in influencing the market by creating and changing the policies. BIL has to adhere to the rules and regulations formulated by the regulatory agencies. The suppliers and contractors form an important part of a business. Britannia completely relies on its suppliers and contractors for its raw materials.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)For years corporate entities followed the practice of providing goods and services and maximizing wealth. But the trends have changed over the period of years. The companies are now expected to be more socially responsible. The company now has to be responsible to the stakeholders, order and environment. T hey are expected to pay back to the environment and society for all the affects that are caused due to its operations (Idowu, S Filho, W (2009) Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility. Berlin Springer. 1-2).BIL believes in working with the society and the culture. It gives a premier importance to the nation and its policies. It believes in being a good corporate citizen by not just adhering to the rules and regulations but also by helping the community to improve the quality of life. BIL involves itself in initiating and providing support to community health and family welfare, water management, vocational training, educating people and encouraging the application of modern techniques and technologies. BIL believes in ethical behaviour (Code of Conduct, Britannia Industries Limited).BIL is taking steps toward conserving the environment by employing new process and upgrading the technology. It is trying to reduce its carbon footprints by recycling the waste heat. It has now filed for carbon reduction benefits (Britannia Annual Report 2007-08 (2008)).BIL has taken steps towards helping the society by joining the nutrition program with Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and the Nandi Foundation. Along with these organisations BIL will is providing mid-day meals in schools and provide nutrition to the deprived (Britannia Annual Report 2007-08 (2008)).

Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM)1.3 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 34, 35Trans-Pacific Partnership economic framework agreement has clearly defined that many studies must be conducted to develop a formulation. determination of experiments (DOE) has proven to be an assembleive tool for formulation scientists through break the many stages of the formulation process. At ein truth step of formulation development, DOE rear aid in making good for you(p) decisions. These steps include excipient compatibility studies, process feasibility studies, formulation optimisation, process optimisation, scale-up and manufacturing process characterization. Lastly, the product and manufacturing process must be validated onward it is on the market.The parole optimize is defined as, making as perfect, effective or functional as likely. Optimization may be interpreted as to find out the value of controllable separate variable, that gives the most desired value of dependent variables. The a pplication of formulation optimization techniques is relatively new to the practice of pharmacy when use intelligently, with the common sense, these statistical methods pass on broaden the perspective of the formulation process.At the Preformulation stage, before any experiment is conducted certain problem mug ups, it is often not know before hand which variable will signifi flocktly influence the repartee. Screening uses and ANOVA helps to solve this problem.A second serious complication may arise with new excipients and new process factor, for which qualitative or quantitative effects atomic number 18 not known and ar unpredictable. The following questions must be answered before choosing any initiation of experiment.The third complication is that formulated products, in particular dosage form has to confirm to several requirements, very often competing. The formulator has to trade aside objectives and choose a agree.A fourth problem is the lack of insight to perform an a dequate optimization studies.Above all in the performance of an optimization field of operation, the formulation development scientist eject also be a factor as personal variation.1.3.1 Terms used in Design of experimentsVariablesThese be the measurements, de stipulationine, which be characteristics of the selective information. There atomic number 18 two lawsuits of variables dependent variables and independent variables. Independent variables(X) are hardened in advance, which are not influenced by any other values e.g., Lubricants concentration, drug to polymer ratio, etc. Dependent variables(Y) are the outcome variables, influenced by the independent variables e.g., rigor, dissolution rate, etc.FactorFactor is an assigned variable such as concentration, temperature, lubricant agent, drug to polymer ratio, polymer to polymer ratio or polymer grade. A factor can be qualitative or quantitative. A quantitative factor has a numeric value to it for example, concentration (1% , 2% so on), drug to polymer ratio (11, 12etc). Qualitative factors are the factors, which are not numerical value, for example, the polymer grade, humidity condition, type of equipment, etc. these are discrete in nature.LevelsThe levels of a factor are the values or purposeation assigned to the factor. For e.g. in concentration (factor) 1 % will be one level, while 2% will be another level. Two different plasticizers are levels for grade factor. Usually levels are indicated as low, optic or high level. Normally for ease of calculation the numeric and discrete levels are converted to 1 (low level) and +1 (high level).The general formula for this conversion isWhere X is the numeric valueResponseResponse is mostly interpreted as the outcome of an experiment. It is the effect, which we are going to evaluate i.e. Disintegration time, duration of buoyancy, etc. performanceThe effect of a factor is the change in response caused by varying the levels of the factor. This describes the rac e in the midst of various factors and levels.InteractionInteraction is also sympathetic to effect, which gives the overall effect of two or more variables (factors) on a response. For example, the combined effect of lubricants (factor) and glidants (factor) on hardness (response) of a tablet.In the trial and defect method, a lot of formulations have to be prepared to get a conclusion, which involves lots of money, time and energy. These can be minimized by the use of optimization technique.1.3.2 Optimization ProcessGenerally optimization process involves the following steps.Based on the previous knowledge or experience or from literature, the independent variables are determined and set in the beginning.Selection of a suitable model, based on the results of the factor, screening is done.The experiments are designed and conducted.The responses are analyzed by ANOVA, audition on lack of fit, to get an empirical mathematical model for each individual response.The responses are scre ened, by utilise multiple criteria to get the values of independent variables.Experimental DesignExperimental design is a statistical design that prescribes or advises a set of combination of variables. The number and layout of these design catchs within the experimental region, depends on the number of effects that must be estimated. Depending on the number of factors, their levels, possible fundamental interactions and parliamentary procedure of the model, various experimental designs are chosen. Each experiment can be represented as a point within the experimental knowledge domain, the point being defined by its co-ordinate (the value given to the variables) in the space.1.3.3 Response Surface MethodologyResponse surface methodology (RSM) is an experimental strategy that was developed in the 1950s36. RSM is comprised of a group of mathematical and statistical techniques that are based on fitting experimental data generated from studies established using an experimental desi gn, to empirical models and that are subsequently used to define a relationship between the responses observed and the independent stimulation variables37, 38. RSM is able to define the effect of independent variables alone and in combination with the manufacturing processes under investigation.A typical RSM topic begins initially with the definition of a problem to be investigated and involves establishing which variables and associated responses are to be studied, monitored, and measured and how these will be measured. A summary of the subsequent RSM approach includes36 carrying out of the relevant DOE.Estimation of the coefficient in the relevant response surface equation.Checking of the adequacy of the equation to describe the fit.Studying the response surface to identify and evaluate the region(s) of interest.The term RSM originates from the graphical perspective generated after fitness of the mathematical model has been established 37, 38 with a graphical representation of t he data presented primarily as a three-dimensional (3D) image and/or as contour plots39.The relationship between a response and an enter variable can be described by Equation 1.1y= f(x1, x2, x3xn) + Where,y = relevant responsef = unknown function of a responsex1, x2,..xn = independent variablesn= number of independent variables = statistical error that represents other sources of variability not accounted for by fContour plot can be described asi. Mound-shaped that has elliptical contours with a stationary point at the position of a utmost response.ii. Saddle-shaped that has a hyperbolic system of contours with a stationary point that is neither a maximum nor lower limit point.iii. Constant (stationary) ridge response surface in which the contours are presented as concentric elongated ellipses with a stationary point in the region of the design region.iv. A rising (or falling) ridge response surface with a stationary point that is outside the design region 39.The stationary point is a combination of design variables where the surface presents as either a maximum and/or a minimum in all guidances. If the stationary point is a maximum in one direction and minimum in another direction, the stationary point is termed a saddle point. When the surface is curved in one direction but is fairly constant and this is considered a ridge response 40.By plotting a response, y, against one or two input variables a surface, known as the response surface can be generated in two or three dimensions. In general the form of the function, f, is unknown and may be very complicated depending on the effect of the input variables on the response. Therefore RSM aims at approximating f by use of a suitable, ordered polynomial equation in some region(s) of the values for the independent process variables41. The mathematical or polynomial equations that describe the relationship(s) between the independent and dependent variables may be first, second or third order, depending on how the output variables or responses react to changes in the input variables.If the response is a linear function of the independent variables, then the function can be written as a first order model (Equation 1.2). In this model the response variables that fit a linear model are generally variables that are significantly affected by a small change in the value of the input factors and that exhibit little or no interaction(s) between the input variable terms.y= 0+ 1x1+ 2x2+..+ Second order equations are used to generate linear and quadratic response equations that exhibit interactions between the input factors and can be represented by Equation 1.3.y= 0+ 1x1+ 2x2+ 12x12++ It has been reported that second order models are also applicable to input factors that exhibit extensive variability over an experimental domain and these relationships are best described using Equation 1.4y= 0+ 1x1+ 2x2+ 12x12+ 11x12+ 22x22+..+ Wherey= responsex1, x2,..xn = input factors0= constant that represents the intercepti= coefficient of first order termii= coefficient of second order termij= coefficient of second order interactionThe values of the coefficients in the model are generated through multiple linear regression analysis of the data that has been collected. A coefficient with a positive value points to an agonistic effect of the input factor on the response, whereas coefficients with negative values indicate an antagonistic effect.1.3.4 Choice of Response Surface DesignCentral Composite Design (CCD)A CCD was originally presented by Box and Wilson and is based on a factorial design with additional points to estimate the curvature of that design. CCD encompasses a full factorial or fractional factorial approach which can be represented, as shown in Figure 1.1, as the eight corners of a cube.There are the six-spot points, known as the axial or star points, determined in the centre of each face of the cube with a final point located in the middle of the cube that is known as the c entre point 37. The axial points are experimental runs where all but one of the factors to be investigated is set at the intermediate level under good will. The axial points are all equidistant from the centre point and are denoted using the symbol, alpha (). The factors under consideration are usually investigated at five different levels and are always represented by coded values viz., -, -1, 0, +1 and +.Figure 1.1Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Central Composite DesignThe distance of the axial points from the centre point is dependent on the number of factors investigated in the design and is established using Equation 1.5. =2k/4Where,k= the factor number = axial pointThe number of experiments demand for a CCD approach is calculated using Equation 1.6N= k2+ 2k+ C0Where,N= the experiment numberk= the factor numberC0= the replicate number of the central pointThe number of experiments required in an experimental study is important as it determines how much d ata will be generated, in addition to being an indicator of the amount of time that will be required to conduct the study.Types of central composite designCentral composite design can be divided into three types.Table 1.2 Types of central composite designBox-Behnken Design (BBD)The BBD describes a class of second-order designs based on a three-level incomplete factorial approach which are also represented as coded values viz., -1, 0 and +1 42 . In this design approach, the treatment combinations are located at the midpoint(s) of the edge of the process space and at the centre, as represented in Figure 1.2.Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Box-Behnken DesignThe number of experiments for Box-Behnken Designs can be calculated using Equation 1.7.N= 2k (k-1) +C0Where,N= the number of experimentsk= the factor numberC0= the replicate number of the central pointFor experiments in which there are three or little input variables the BBD design offers some adva ntage over the CCD approach, in that a fewer number of experimental runs are required. However this advantage does not outlive when four or more parameters are to be investigated. A further advantage of BBD is that it does not include the need to evaluate situations in which all factors are simultaneously held at their highest and lowest levels. The use of a BBD therefore allows a formulation scientist to avoid undertaking experiments that are to performed under extreme conditions and that may resurrect substandard results due to the inclusion of data generated from these extreme high and low levels 37.Doehlert DesignThe Doehlert design is an experimental design approach in which different factors can be studied at different levels simultaneously43. This aspect of the Doehlert design is an important characteristic when using some input variables that may be subject to restrictions such as for example cost or experimental constraints (limited amounts of raw material or limited amou nt of time available) thereby making it a matter-of-fact and economic alternative to other, second-order experimental design approaches37.This design describes a circular domain of two input variables, a spherical domain for three input variables and a hyper-spherical space for situations in which more than three input variables are to be investigated and which highlights the uniformity of the input variables to be studied in the experimental domain 37.The schematic design space of a Doehlert design for two variables is shown in Figure 1.3, and is represented by a central point and six points of a regular hexagon.An interesting feature of the Doehlert design is that new factors may be introduced during the course of a study without losing relevant and/or valuable information from the data already generated from the experimental runs that have already been completed.Figure 1.3 Schematic diagram representing the levels studied in a Doehlert DesignThe number of experiments required fo r a Doehlert design is determined using Equation 1.8 37N= k2+ k+ C0Where,N= the number of experimentsk= the factor numberC0= the replicate number of the central point1.3.5 Mathematical OptimizationOptimization is a mathematical method used to determine an optimum response and is defined as the most advantageous present of existence of the system under investigation44. Multiple linear regression equations generated from statistically designed experiments provide a description of the change of a response with a change in input factors and further, allows for the determination of input variables that will produce an optimized response.A difficulty that occurs in optimization procedures is the need to establish a compromise between the anticipated response variables. This challenge is often encountered in the process of optimization of tablets where the optimum tablet may be one that has superior fortissimo and little or no friability, yet must also have a short disintegration time. O ften an increase in tablet hardness results in an increase in the disintegration time of a tablet and therefore a compromise between these contradictory response variables is necessary to fulfill an optimized formulation.1.3.6 Advantages of RSMThe primary advantage of RSM in relation to pure experimental methods and approaches of data evaluation in which only one variable is investigated at a time, is that a large amount of information can be generated from a relatively small number of experiments 38. RSM is therefore less time and cost consuming than the classical approach that requires a large number of experiments to be conducted to be able to explain the behavior of a system 38, 39.A further advantage, with the use of RSM is that it is possible to observe interaction effects of the independent input parameters on the response(s) being monitored 38. The model equation that is generated from the data is able to be used to explain the effect of combinations of independent input v ariables on the outcome of a process or product.1.3.7 Disadvantages of RSMA primary disadvantage of RSM is that fitting data to a second order polynomial for systems that contain some curvature is often not well accommodated by the second order polynomials that are produced. If the system cannot be explained by a first or second order polynomial, it may be necessary to reduce the range of independent input variables under consideration as this may then increase the accuracy of the model being considered38.Another disadvantage is that although RSM has the potential to evaluate interaction effects of the independent input parameters, it is unable to be used to explain why an interaction(s) has occurred (210). A further disadvantage is that RSM is poor at predicting the potential outcomes for a system operated outside the range of study under consideration451.3.8 Software for Design of experimentsMany commercial software packages are available which are either dedicated to experimental design alone or are of a more general statistical type.Softwares dedicated to experimental designsDESIGN EXPERTECHIPMULTI-SIMPLEXNEMRODWSoftware for general statistical natureSASMINITAB

Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit Religious Metaphors

Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit Religious MetaphorsIn Oranges are Not the Only Fruit, Jeanette Winterson uses numerous references of scriptural allusion and religious metaphor to develop the romance. The chapters are named after the encounter gots of the bible in the Old Testament, ranging from Genesis to compassion. As the story of Jeanette, the main character of the novel, is told, it is compared to the synonymic discussions of the bible and some metaphors are used in the al-Quran to show their similarities.Exodus, which is the second book of the bible, talks of Moses liberating the slaves and of the Promised Land. It in like manner talks about the flight of the mass of Israel from Egypt. In the book, there are examples of flight and being liberated as Jeanette is lastly able to attend public school. Once she goes there, it is as if she can finally get away from her home and her mother and experience things on her own.In the bible, Leviticus is full of rules and guideline s for living and worshipping. Similarly, in the book, Jeanettes mother has given her many rules. Some of them imply her hatred of fornication, and sin in general. This chapter marks, though, the theological disagreement that Jeanette has toward her pastors teachings. This shows the beginning of her search to find herself while discovering that she has a distinguishable view of things than that of her mother and congregation.In the book of Numbers, it reveals Gods instruction and preparation of His people to enter the Promised Land. The importance of the Book of Numbers is shown by its being referred to in the New Testament many times. This goes along with what is fortuity in the novel with Jeanette. As the biblical book of Numbers gives preparation for the Promised Land, the novel prepares us as readers for what is to come for Jeanette now that she is exploring the subject of romance. It shows that Jeanette may have an interest in women, and that is essentially what makes her hap py. Whether or not her mother agrees, Jeanette is in transition from believing her mothers views to discovering her personal views in search of her own Promised Land.The biblical book of Deuteronomy contains the teachings of Moses and provides most of the basis for biblical law. The Ten Commandments are also in this book. While both the biblical book and the novel chapter of Deuteronomy deal with teachings and following the rules, the novel does it in an opposite way than does the bible. In the bible, the teachings of Moses are given, while in the novel the teaching of Jeanette during her sermon are given, but in a different way because instead she questions the laws itself. There is still a metaphor being used but Winterson is trying to show not only the similarities but also the differences.Judges, which is the sixth book of the bible, tells of the battle of Jericho in which the Hebrews come back to claim their Promised Land as they are no longer enslaved. The battle of Jericho re lates to what Jeanette is going with as she allow fight many battles to defend her homosexuality. She will battle with her mother and her church and will be ostracized for her beliefs, but in the end she will come to accept her homosexuality no matter what people think, just as the Hebrews will claim their Promised Land.In the biblical chapter of Judges, Israel is run by many different leaders, some without great success. Jeanette also feels as if she is run by many different leaders, which are her mother, the congregation and her pastor. At this time in the book, Jeanette is having a love affair with Katy and still a member of the church. She feels that she can love Katy and God at the same time, but her many judges feels that she is doing something wrong.The eighth book of the bible and the last book of the novel is Ruth. In this biblical book, the main character, Ruth, deals with issues of exile. Ruth is a Moab but marries a Hebrew man. Once her husband dies, she decides to gr untle in Israel with her mother-in-law, Naomi. In their eventual journey to Bethlehem, Ruth faces prejudice against her since she is a foreigner. The story of Ruth relates to Jeanette because she is also dealing with exile and a relationship with her mother. She is a foreigner in her world because she is homosexual and the majority of the world is not. She is thrown out of her home and members of her congregation have disconnected themselves from her and shown her the same prejudice that Ruth felt.Winterson uses biblical allusion in this book because of the strong biblical views that surround the main character, not necessarily held by her. Jeanette has been raised to believe the things that her mother tells her about religion. She grew up in a fundamentalist religion and as it is shown in the novel, they have extreme ways of thinking. Once Jeanette matures, she realizes that she doesnt particularly agree with everything that her mother, congregation, and pastor preach. So she embar ks on her own journey and questions the teaching that shes been forced to believe. It is only fitting that since the plot surrounds religion, that the chapters should be the same names as books in the bible. With each chapter and corresponding biblical book, Winterson parallels Jeanettes support to what is going on in the particular bible book. She does this to show that while Jeanette is on her journey to find herself and question the religious beliefs she has been brought up to believe, her life is ironically similar to the books of the bible. I think by relating the story of Jeanette to the bible, it helps the reader understand more and to further analyze hypocrisies that surround her in her life.

The Importance of Affirmative Action in America Essay example -- Argum

The Importance of approving Action in AmericaAffirmative satisfy is a much debated topic based on the efforts of our governing to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. Affirmative action is a way of helping minorities in our country get jobs and avoid racial injustice. galore(postnominal) large companies have increased their employment of minorities after adopting these policies (Plous).Despite the efforts of affirmative action today, women still only earn 76 cents for every dollar acquire by males. There atomic amount 18 1.3 million unemployed African-American civilians and 112 million employed white civilians. Statistics show that if every unemployed Black worker in the United States were to displace a White worker, only 1% of Whites would be affected (Plous).There is a group of people called the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action and Integration and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary (BAMN) who are constantly fighting hard to defend their position. Th ey feel that we are struggling to determine whether our nation will move forward toward integration and equality or backward toward injustice. This group of people is very determined to holding affirmative action in our government system today and state the fact that we are all brothers and sisters, skin color and religion dont matter (To stop...). opposing views of this topic are quite common everywhere in the U.S. The University of Michigan has made the issues of race and affirmative action policies into very important and controversial discussions. one and only(a) article, titled Unite Against Affirmative Action, states Unfortunately, between the ill-considered rantings of State Representative David Jaye and the hysterical tirades of the aptly named Coalition to Defend ... ...ve a substantial number of minorities attending the school, all with grades within the same range as the rest of the student population. Now, not all minorities in that range are admitted, only or so (Ho w Affirmative...).According to the Racial Privacy Initiative, The state shall not classify by race, ethnicity, color or national origin in the operation of public learning, public contracting or public employment. This statement basically says not to refuse someone based on their race (Racial...).Then why is affirmative action even allowed? Why do we, as Americans, need affirmative action to be used? Because it makes sure that the minority population is not refused their right to an education or a job. Because there are racists out there, ones who might need this policy to tell them that what they have been taught to believe is indeed unfair and unlawful.

The Powerful Effect of Fake News Essay -- Media Today News TV Essays P

The Powerful Effect of Fake NewsIntroductionFrom the beginning days of the printing press to the always evolving net profit of present day, the media has greatly germinated and changed over the years. No one can possibly overstate the influential power of the new media of television on the rest of the industry. telecasting continues to influence the media, which recently an era of comedic television shows that specialize in providing fake news has captivated. The groundbreaking The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and its spin-off The Colbert Report have successfully attracted the youth demographic and have become the new eras leading political news source. By parodying news companies and satirizing the government, fake news has affect the media, the government, and its audience in such a way that Bill Moyers has claimed you simply cant understand American politics in the new millennium without The Daily Show, that started it all (PBS).Old MediaIn order to understand new media, o ne must first have a solid background of the older media. The old media traces its origins back to the elite or partisan press that dominated American journalism in the early days of the republic (Davis 29). With the advent of the cent press around 1833, the press changed its basic purpose and function from obtaining voters for its affiliated political party to making profit (Davis 29). With more available papers, individual companies competed with each(prenominal) other with muckraking journalisminvestigative journalism exposing corruptionand yellow journalismsensationalist journalism that completely disregarded the facts (Davis 30). The press continued to evolve its journalistic approaches and next shifted to lapdog journalism, r... ...l Moyers. Originally broadcast July 11, 2003. Retrieved March 27, 2006, from http//www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_stewart.html. Peyser, Marc. The Truthiness Teller Stephen Colbert Loves This Country Like he Loves Himself. Comedy Ce ntrals sweltering News Anchor is a Goofy Caricature of Our Blustery Culture. But hes Starting to Make Sense. Newsweek 13 February 2006 50Sabato, Larry J. Feeding zeal Attack Journalism and American Politics. Baltimore Lanahan Publishers, Inc., 1991.Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. Laugh, and the Voters Laugh With You, or at Least at You. New York Times 26 February 2006, New England ed. Week in recapitulation 1, 14. Wasserman, Edward. Murder by Media The Dean Scream. Knight Ridder Newspapers 23 February 2005.Wolper, Allan. Ethics Corner Did Critical Media Send Dean Packing? Editor & Publisher March 2004 25.

Nuclear Legacy :: essays research papers

Nuclear Legacy"There is 10 thousand piles of thermonuclear surplus on Earth." Many scientist arein search for new and efficient ways to dispose of these lethal by-productswhich can destroy sprightliness itself. Radioactive products can be either beneficial ordevastating. It all depends on how we lend oneself them. In the field of medicine, somebenefit from shaft of light include, radiation therapy for cancer patients. Not alluses of radiation prove to be beneficial. Many use the power of the atom fordestructive purposes, introducing an age of nuclear warfare. It doesnt matterif we use radiation for good or bad purposes, they all contri neverthelesse to the growingrate of "unwanted nuclear waste." The issue now is, how do we dispose of thesenuclear wastes?     Scientist have concept of several methods to dispose the nuclear by-products. They tried to chemically treat the waste and reuse it, but "that wouldcost a fortune". They thought of launching the waste into outer space but it toowill cost a fortune. They tried to dump barrels filled with nuclear waste intothe ocean but they started leaking. As you can see, there is a great need for anuclear waste disposal site. These sites may sound frightening, but it may bethe only way for us to dispose the devastation we had longed to create. In 1986,the decision for a nuclear waste depositary proved to be "the closely frighteningdecision of the decade." Of these sites, three were chosen to be the "mostsuitable" for the disposal of nuclear by-products. These three sites consistedof Hanford, Washington Yuka Mountain, Nevada and Defsmith, Texas.     Hanford, Washington is a low be U.S. city, and is owned by theDepartment of Energy. A low populated city is an ideal site for radioactivedisposal. Although the city of Hanford is sparsely populated, geologists fearthe possibility of a nuclear seepage into the Colombia river. The ColumbiaRiv er is an important factor for the U.S. production of wheat. "This makes itthe worst of site," says the geologist. If the Colombia River is contaminatedwith nuclear waste, it will lead to the contamination of land surrounding the wide body of water, thus making land unusable. Radioactive contamination ofthe Colombia river will affect both Americas economy and agriculturalproduction.     Yuka mountain, Nevada is a heavily guarded renounce region of America. Itis far away from any lakes, rivers, or oceans, and its repository is locatedabove ground water levels. These geological conditions make Yuka mountain analmost gross(a) place for nuclear waste disposal to take place. This is due to

Historical, Sociological, and Philosophical Elements of Heart of Darkne

diachronic, Sociological, and Philosophical Elements of tit of Darkness An awareness of the historical, sociological, and philosophical climate rife during the time in which Heart of Darkness was written plays a key role in understanding the significance of Conrads complex work. Joseph Conrad began work on Heart of Darkness in 1898 and completed it the following year in 1899. During this time the impressionist movement was in full swing, European colonization was at its peak, racial tensions were rapidly increasing, and man was confronted with the fall of the traditional view that held man as the eminent ruler the world. Each of these issues significantly influenced Joseph Conrads writing of the novel as easily as its collective meaning for all mankind. A look at Conrads writing style will allow us to infer his possible smell upon writing Heart of Darkness and therefore how the reader should approach it. Conrads writing style is centered upon the literary sense of impression ism. Literary impressionism is characterized by the use of enlarge and mental associations to evoke subjective and sensory impressions rather than the re-creation of objective reality (impressionism). Conrad is trying to communicate to the readers in a way that transcends the written word. The feeling here is not to abstract orderly ideas about experience, rather they try to re-create and communicate the rich complexities of experience itself, with all its darkness, messiness, and ambiguity intact (Dintenfass). nigh tyros have argued that Conrad presents so much detail and chaos in his works that it becomes too much for him to analyze. Conrad responded to this attack in a letter directed toward critic Richard Curle ... ...enfass, Mark. Heart of Darkness A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture. 14 Mar. 1996. *http//www.acsu.buffalo.edu/csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2 Feb. 2000). Guerard, Albert J. Conrad the Novelist. Cambridge, MA. Harvard U. Press, 1958. Hayes, Dorsha. H eart of Darkness An Aspect of the Shadow, Spring (1956) 43-47.. Hillman, James. Notes on White Supremacy Essaying an Archetypal Account of Historical Events, Spring (1986) 29-57. Jean-Aubry, George. Joseph Conrad Life and Letters. Vol. 1. New York Page, 1966. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness The European Exploration of Africa. New York Carol & Gey, 1992. Mellard, James. Myth and Archetype in Heart of Darkness, Tennessee Studies in lit 13 (1968) 1-15. Yatzeck Marlows Lie - http//cwis.lawrence.edu/www 4. french in Africa - www.sas.upenn edu/ AF._Studies